The author probes on the results of paperwork in the life of a clerk, Don Ramon Villaamil, in Benito Perez Galdos’ Miau which was written and revealed in 1888. It’s anchored on the sociological theories of Max Weber’s idea and capabilities of paperwork (Gerth and Mills, 1961) and its disintegrating impact on the predominant character and its repercussions in the multi-dimensional life of the protagonist. In understanding additional the novel, the scholar author makes use of Hippolyte Taine’s three-pronged strategy to the contextual examine of a work of artwork, based mostly on the points of what he known as race, geographical and social milieu, and historic second (wikipedia.com).
Therefore, to completely perceive the paperwork mirrored in the novel, the author traces first the historic, political and biographical life of the creator and Spain in the nineteenth century. How all these artefacts affected the author to report vignettes of onerous truths in the society is remarkably fascinating to analyze.
The Spanish novelist and dramatist Benito Pérez Galdós (1843-1920) is greatest identified for his masterly remedy of the huge panorama of Spanish society in a sequence of historic and modern novels.
Benito Pérez Galdós was born on Could 10, 1843, in Las Palmas, Canary Islands. On account of a inflexible upbringing he developed into a shy, quick-witted boy, in music, drama, and portray. He discovered English from an American girl whose illegitimate daughter, Sisita, was his first cousin and childhood love. One of Galdós’s most enduring remembrances involved his affection for Sisita and the brusque intervention of his mom, who despatched him away to Madrid in 1862 to review legislation.
In Madrid, Galdós felt irresistibly drawn to the turmoil of metropolis life and shortly deserted his college programs for cafés, opera, theater, and lengthy strolls by way of the streets. Intent upon understanding all courses and kinds of Spanish society, he frequented outlying districts, open-air markets, taverns, and tenement homes. By 1865 he had begun newspaper work. His articles on parliamentary classes in Las Cortes made that newspaper well-known.
Though Galdós was a perspicacious journalist, his final purpose was to offer Spaniards not solely a coherent image of their each day lives but additionally a imaginative and prescient of a new Spain, reborn spiritually, culturally, and economically. He believed the novel greatest suited this function. In 1867 Galdós went to Paris, rediscovered the novels of Honoré de Balzac, and as soon as again in Spain completed his first novel, La sombra (1870), and commenced a second, La Fontana de ore (1867-1868).
Henceforth, apart from his advocacy of liberal politics, Galdós lived immersed in literary exercise. He wrote nearly a hundred novels and performs, which can be labeled into three teams. The first group contains his 46 Episodios nacionales, historic novels starting with Trafalgar (1873) and ending with Canovás (1912). They retell in story kind stirring episodes of Nineteenth-century Spanish historical past and embody Galdós’s conviction that the key to Spain’s current and future betterment resides in a vital examination of the previous.
The second group contains Galdós’s sensible social novels, which divide into two subgroups. The first includes the Novelas de la primera época (1867-1878). Amongst them are Doña Perfecta (1876) and Gloria (1876-1877), which boldly depict Spain’s provincial hypocrisy and non secular fanaticism. The second is made up of the 24 Novelas españolas contemporáneas, (1880-1915), which mark the maturity of Galdós’s artwork. In such works as La de Bringas (1884), his four-volume masterpiece Fortunata y Jacinta (1886-1887), and Misericordia (1897), Galdós harmonized his ardour for reform with the artwork of creating the phantasm of actuality. Whereas treating many issues of Spanish life, he didn’t sacrifice character freedom to any social or ethical educating. As we speak, as then, his novels provide a compelling imagen de la vida.
The third group is made up of Galdós’s performs. After writing novels for 20 years, Galdós turned to the theater. In 1891 he recast his novel Realidad into dialogue, staging it efficiently the following yr. He produced 22 performs, of which La loca de la casa (1893) and El abuelo (1904) are thought-about his greatest. The premiere of Electra (1901) unleashed a storm of controversy, incomes Galdós the hatred of Spain’s clergy and conservative class. Galdós was an genuine revolutionary of the Spanish theater. Reacting in opposition to José Echegaray’s outmoded romantic melodrama, he confronted audiences with a frank portrayal of social conflicts. His performs anticipated the improvements of trendy Spanish drama.
In 1897 Galdós was elected to the Spanish Academy, and by 1912 he had develop into completely blind. Beset by monetary difficulties, he continued to jot down, though his well being was failing. He died on Jan. 4, 1920, in Madrid.
From the Galdos’ biography, info that are mirrored in the novel Miau are his lovely and vivid description of Madrid, the streets, the plazas, the church buildings, the home and even the locations of leisure akin to the parks and theatres or opera homes that his ladies characters Senora Pura, Abelarda and Milagros Villaamil are fond of frequenting to point out their social standing. Likewise, the insolent and abusive Victor Cadalso has a semblance with that of radical and revolting views of Galdos.
What’s hanging in the novel is the inclusion of many historic allusions and each day authorities bureaucratic system which affected our protagonist in the novel and the domino impact to his household. The historical past of nineteenth century Spain is typically thought-about by different writers as the century of insanity as a consequence of the gross results of bourgeoisie capitalism, political unrest, rise and fall of one authorities to a different and fixed civil battle inside Spain and her colonies in the Philippines and Cuba.
It’s noteworthy to take a look at the tumultuous historical past of Spain throughout the nineteenth that may replicate additionally the divisive, despotic and unpeaceful milieu which our protagonist skilled at the palms of the egocentric bureaucrats.
In 1866, a revolt led by Juan Prim was suppressed, but it surely was changing into more and more clear that the individuals of Spain have been upset with Isabella’s strategy to governance. In 1868, the Superb Revolution broke out when the progresista generals Francisco Serrano and Juan Prim revolted in opposition to her, and defeated her moderado generals at the Battle of Alcolea. Isabella was pushed into exile in Paris.
Revolution and anarchy broke out in Spain in the two years that adopted; it was solely in 1870 that the Cortes declared that Spain would have a king once more. Because it turned out, this determination performed an necessary position in European and world historical past, for a German prince’s candidacy to the Spanish throne and French opposition to him served as the speedy motive for the Franco-Prussian Struggle. Amadeus of Savoy was chosen, and he was duly topped King of Spain early the following yr.
Amadeus – a liberal who swore by the liberal structure the Cortes promulgated – was confronted instantly with the unbelievable process of bringing the disparate political ideologies of Spain to 1 desk. He was tormented by internecine strife, not merely between Spaniards however inside Spanish events.
Following the Hidalgo affair, Amadeus famously declared the individuals of Spain to be ungovernable, and fled the nation. In his absence, a authorities of radicals and Republicans was shaped that declared Spain a republic.
The republic was instantly beneath siege from all quarters – the Carlists have been the most speedy menace, launching a violent rebellion after their poor exhibiting in the 1872 elections. There have been requires socialist revolution from the Worldwide Workingmen’s Affiliation, revolts and unrest in the autonomous areas of Navarre and Catalonia, and strain from the Roman Catholic Church in opposition to the fledgling republic.
Though the former queen, Isabella II was nonetheless alive, she acknowledged that she was too divisive as a chief, and abdicated in 1870 in favor of her son, Alfonso, who was duly topped Alfonso XII of Spain. After the tumult of the First Spanish Republic, Spaniards have been keen to simply accept a return to stability beneath Bourbon rule. The Republican armies in Spain – which have been resisting a Carlist rebellion – pronounced their allegiance to Alfonso in the winter of 1874-1875, led by Brigadier Normal Martinez Campos. The Republic was dissolved and Antonio Canovas del Castillo, a trusted advisor to the king, was named Prime Minister on New Yr’s Eve, 1874. The Carlist rebellion was put down vigorously by the new king, who took an energetic position in the battle and quickly gained the help of most of his countrymen.
A system of turnos was established in Spain in which the liberals, led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta and the conservatives, led by Antonio Canovas del Castillo, alternated in management of the authorities. A modicum of stability and financial progress was restored to Spain throughout Alfonso XII’s rule. His dying in 1885, adopted by the assassination of Canovas del Castillo in 1897, destabilized the authorities.
Cuba rebelled in opposition to Spain in the Ten Years’ Struggle starting in 1868, ensuing in the abolition of slavery in Spain’s colonies in the New World. American pursuits in the island, coupled with considerations for the individuals of Cuba, aggravated relations between the two international locations. The explosion of the USS Maine launched the Spanish-American Struggle in 1898, in which Spain fared disastrously. Cuba gained its independence and Spain misplaced its remaining New World colony, Puerto Rico, which along with Guam and the Philippines it ceded to the United States for 20 million {dollars}. In 1899, Spain offered its remaining Pacific islands-the Northern Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands and Palau-to Germany and Spanish colonial possessions have been lowered to Spanish Morocco, Spanish Sahara and Spanish Guinea, all in Africa.
The “catastrophe” of 1898 created the Era of ’98, a group of statesmen and intellectuals who demanded change from the new authorities. Anarchist and fascist actions have been on the rise in Spain in the early twentieth century. A revolt in 1909 in Catalonia was bloodily suppressed.
Spain’s neutrality in World Struggle I allowed it to develop into a provider of materials for either side to its nice benefit, prompting an financial increase in Spain. The outbreak of Spanish influenza in Spain and elsewhere, together with a main financial slowdown in the post-war interval, hit Spain significantly onerous, and the nation went into debt. A serious employee’s strike was suppressed in 1919.
Mistreatment of the Moorish inhabitants in Spanish Morocco led to an rebellion and the loss of this North African possession apart from the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla in 1921. (See Abd el-Krim, Annual). In an effort to keep away from accountability, King Alfonso XIII determined to help the dictatorship of Normal Miguel Primo de Rivera, ending the interval of constitutional monarchy in Spain.
In joint motion with France, the Moroccan territory was recovered (1925-1927), however in 1930 chapter and big unpopularity left the king no choice however to power Primo de Rivera to resign. Disgusted with the king’s involvement in his dictatorship, the city inhabitants voted for republican events in the municipal elections of April 1931. The king fled the nation with out abdicating and a republic was established.
Although the novel ends with the suicide of Villaamil, his will for Spain for higher administration and different advocacies are written as M.I.A.U. that stands for Morality, Earnings Tax, Extra Duties and Unification of the debt (Cohen, 1963: 145). It summarizes his private want for the complete ethical reformation of the authorities official and rank and file staff; instituting cost of private earnings tax by staff; extra tariffs for the merchandise of international merchants and paying the nationwide debt by consolidating all the provincial wants and paying them solely as soon as a yr.
To investigate the sociological idea of paperwork in the novel, the scholar author makes use of the Weberian Mannequin which ideas are summarized thus: The final century noticed the perfection of the paperwork — a kind of group that has been enormously profitable and is the outcome of hundreds of years of trial and error evolution. Max Weber outlined the key traits of a paperwork:
- specification of jobs with detailed rights, obligations, tasks, scope of authority
- system of supervision and subordination
- unity of command
- in depth use of written paperwork
- coaching in job necessities and expertise
- utility of constant and full guidelines (firm handbook)
- assign work and rent personnel based mostly on competence and expertise
In Miau, rules appear apparent and commonplace. Nevertheless, they’re all innovations — the authorities places of work didn’t all the time have these options fairly the reverse.
The narrator of the novel, third individual omniscient sees bureaucracies as inefficient, sluggish and customarily dangerous. When don Ramon Villaamil was following up his potential reinstatement, he was completely disenchanted to listen to false guarantees that he’ll get again the place. For Villaamil was already in his retirement when he turned a “cesante” or “suspendido” The sudden change in the authorities suspended all staff which aren’t their allies, based mostly on favoritism. There would have been no downside had he served for 2 extra months. He can stay along with his pension to maintain the pretentious and spendthrift way of life of his spouse Dona Pura, his daughter Abelarda and his sister-in-law who all like to go to the opera home even when they have been already begging as a result of Villaamil was already penniless. In Weber’s time, they have been seen as marvellously environment friendly machines that reliably achieved their objectives. And in truth, bureaucracies did develop into enormously profitable, simply outcompeting different group kinds akin to household companies and adhocracies. Additionally they did a lot to introduce ideas of equity and equality of alternative into society, having a profound impact on the social construction of nations.
Nevertheless, bureaucracies are higher for some duties than others. Specifically, bureaucracies are usually not clearly good in the Spanish authorities. Officers abuse their authorities. Worst, unqualified officers and even clerks have been promoted not on the deserves of their work however with the nice individuals they know in the ministry. There are lots of cases in the novel when this immoral promotion was practiced…
Then that thankless wretch, that ungrateful scoundrel, who was a clerk in Workplace after I was Monetary Inspector, fourth class, that shameless rogue Who by sheer audacity has bought himself promoted over my head and develop into At least a governor, that man has the indelicacy at hand me two and a half Pesetas (Cohen, 1963: 15)
He was already asking for help from his former clerks when he was suspended. And he concluded in saying that there is nothing left in the world however selfishness and ingratitude. He added one other clerk who was promoted and bought enhance yearly..
“Take that clodhopper Montes, for instance, who owes his profession to me, As a result of I proposed his promotion in the central Auditory. Are you aware He would not even greet me in the avenue? He offers himself such airs that not Even the minister…And he is going forward all the time. They’ve simply raised him t to 14 thousand. He will get a rise yearly. Nothing stops him. That is what You achieve by flattering and crawling. He doesn’t perceive the least factor About administration. All he can do is speak about taking pictures with the director And about the canine…”
Virtually discovering fault as a result of of his distress, Don Villaamil couldn’t do something however to ask favour to their pals to observe up potential vacant publish the place he can work once more. This was one of the weaknesses of Weberian Mannequin of paperwork, he thought that the paperwork in his nation, Germany, and her flourishing trade might be likened to all different organizations. Weber concluded that each one these new large-scale organizations have been related. Every was a paperwork. Clearly, Villaamil regarded bureaucracyas a soiled phrase, suggesting pink tape, inefficiency, and officiousness. Bureaucracies can develop these options, particularly if authority is very centralized. The last outcome for his potential reinstatement which he patiently waited must come from one excessive workplace all the way down to the provincial workplace. The pink tape was certainly vicious that tremendously affected Villaamil. That of hatred to bureaucrats, the hypocrite clerks, the unworthy staff and the injustice of the authorities when he mentioned to Victor, his son-in-law:
“Sure, sure. There isn’t any beating you for bare-faced effrontery. Since you’ve bought no disgrace'(furious with fury and swallowing his Bitterness) ‘you get every part you need. The world is at your ft Promotion in any respect prices, and satan take the hindmost!” (Cohen, 1963: 73)
With all the bitterness, Villaamil mentioned that he would bear his misfortunes patiently and it by no means occurred to him that the authorities won’t give his publish again once more.
Weber’s function, nonetheless, was to outline the important options of new organizations and to point why these organizations labored so significantly better than conventional ones. Allow us to study the options that Weber discovered in bureaucracies.
Above all, Weber emphasised that bureaucratic organizations have been an try to subdue human affairs to the rule of reason-to make it potential to conduct the enterprise of the group “in line with calculable guidelines.” For individuals who developed trendy organizations, the function was to seek out rational options to the new issues of measurement Weber noticed paperwork as the rational product of social engineering, simply as the machines of the Industrial Revolution have been the rational merchandise of mechanical engineering. He wrote:
The decisive purpose for the advance of bureaucratic group has all the time been its purely technical superiority over any former group. The totally developed bureaucratic mechanism compares with different organizations precisely as does the machine with non-mechanical modes of manufacturing( Coser, 1969)
For Weber the time period paperwork was inseparable from the time period rationality. And we might converse of his idea as a “rational paperwork” However what have been the options developed to make bureaucracies rational? Particularly, they’re: (1) purposeful specialization (2) clear traces of hierarchical authority, (3) knowledgeable coaching of managers, and (4) determination making based mostly on guidelines and ways developed to ensure constant and efficient pursuit of organizational objectives.
Weber famous extra options of rational bureaucracies which might be easy extensions of the 4 simply outlined, To make sure knowledgeable administration, appointment and promotion are based mostly on advantage fairly than favoritism, and people appointed deal with their positions as full-time, main careers.
Fairly the reverse in the novel, whereas Villaamil is the most upright, trustworthy, sensible and obedient to the authorities, that he even labored in the Philippines when he was nonetheless new in the civil service at the age of twenty 4 however has to return to the mainland as a result of he was affected by dysentery. In full distinction, his son-in-law, who married his favorite daughter Luisa, was all the time promoted even when had questionable transactions in the authorities. All the allegations in opposition to him have been dismissed as a result of of his allure and connection. In accordance with the workplace gossip He’s the favorite of the aunt of a excessive in the authorities, in brief, the girl has a nice affect in the authorities. It’s known as the petticoat affect. With out the influential girl going to the workplace, Victor, as a secret lover of the matron, secured his promotion regardless of his alleged plunder and malversation of authorities funds.
Equally, even different officers the place Villaamil was working, all the unquestionable officers with their integrity and capability have been simply promoted, whereas the trustworthy males like him are suspended.
To make sure order in determination making, paperwork is carried out primarily by way of written guidelines information, and communications. That is vividly described in the novel a number of occasions. Rank and file and officers as nicely are all the time on their desks for his or her enterprise transactions, therefore, creating the pink tape. However, when the officers are out, expectedly, the workplace staff are in no way working. They’re seen speaking, consuming and even jesting one another. One time when Villaamil visited the workplace, he noticed that the workplace staff have been simply speaking throughout workplace hours. The lame Guillen would even draw caricatures that even Villaamil was satirically attacked with a disgusting description of his poverty. However when Pandora, his pal, the official, arrives the workplace, hypocritically, staff return to work.
Weber’s concept of purposeful specialization applies each to individuals inside a corporation and to relations between bigger models or divisions of the group. In the authorities of Villaamil, work was damaged down into many particular duties, and staff have been assigned to 1 or a few such duties, together with the duties concerned in coordinating the work of others. (Such coordination known as administration or administration.) Weber argued that such specialization is important to a rational paperwork and that the particular boundaries separating one purposeful division from one other should be mounted by express guidelines, rules, and procedures. Villaamil by no means noticed it when he was already suspended. However issues appeared proper when he was nonetheless in the publish. His trustworthy and contented perspective in work would solely permit him to work and work with out giving himself in rumour-mongering. As a matter of truth, Villaamil’s proposal with an acronym of MIAU, in line with him, was painstakingly conceptualized and studied for ten years. However not for different characters. They have been his exact opposite.
For Weber it was self-evident that coordinating the divisions of giant organizations requires clear traces of authority organized in a hierarchy. Meaning there are clear “ranges of graded authority.” All staff in the group should know who their boss is, and every individual ought to all the time respect the chain of command; that’s, individuals ought to give orders solely to their very own subordinates and obtain orders solely by way of their very own speedy superior On this manner, the individuals at the prime can make certain that directives arrive the place they’re meant to go and know the place tasks lie. This concept in the novel was tainted with favouritism or nepotism. Their focus is directed to the official and never on their work, therefore their patronage for them in any other case, they won’t be promoted and won’t get a increase in the wage. Victor did this a number of occasions by rubbing elbows with the officers by flattering them, or by hooking wealthy and influential ladies along with his good-looking appears.
Moreover, hierarchical authority is required in bureaucracies in order that extremely educated consultants can he correctly used as managers. Rational bureaucracies might be operated, Weber argued, solely by deploying managers in any respect ranges which were chosen and educated for his or her particular jobs. Individuals ticketed for prime positions in bureaucracies are sometimes rotated by way of many divisions of a corporation to realize firsthand expertise of the many issues that their future subordinates should face. Paradoxically, all this bureaucratic fashions that Weber conceptualized weren’t dutifully practiced by all the characters besides by Villaamil himself and maybe Pantoja and the younger Cucurbita.
Lastly, Weber confused that rational bureaucracies should be managed in accordance with fastidiously developed guidelines and rules that may be discovered and utilized and that transactions and selections should be recorded in order that guidelines can he reviewed. Solely with such guidelines and rules can the actions of a whole lot of managers at totally different ranges in the group be predicted and coordinated. If we can not predict what others will do, then we can not depend on them.
Weber’s ideas of paperwork are rational and purposeful however in actuality and in observe, are all idealistic. The individuals in the system have been taught to be machine that may do as they have been instructed. The novel Miau simply confirmed the exact opposite. As a result of they’re all human in the paperwork, they’re all inclined to human weaknesses, frailties and disdain for guidelines.
And with all the irony of bureaucratic system in the novel, our protagonist was completely affected by “the inhuman machine-like character of this paperwork”(Soileau, 2006). The results might be gleaned on financial, bodily, psychological, ethical and religious aftermath that affected and destroyed Señor Ramon De Villaamil.
First is financial. When Villaamil was suspended, he turned extra aware of the lack of meals to eat on the desk, if not the absence of it. It resulted additional to humiliating himself by begging to his former clerks and pals in the authorities. His suspension in the authorities meant the absence of wage, the absence of cash. His solely pleasure, his grandson Luis, was a younger witness to his struggling. In the meantime, his insensitive and hypocrite spouse, Dona Pura, would make a option to discover meals on the desk only for the day. In accordance with Villaamil, she liked lovely issues that may make them look wealthy, lovely curtains, lovely lecture room, that Villaamil’s wage on the first day of the month is already spent on the day it’s obtained. With this financial downfall, his daughter Abelarda and sister-in-law Milagros, collectively along with his spouse, known as the three Miaus, for they resemble the face of a cat, or pussy-faced, in line with Luis’ classmates, would nonetheless discover time to look at at the theatre socializing with the true wealthy.
Second is bodily. Many of Villaamil’s former colleagues observed his age, his emaciated face and the unhappiness he emanated at any time when he would go to the workplace. The suspension completely misplaced his urge for food, except for the truth there was actually nothing to eat, has made his physique skinny. That in line with Dona Pura, he should be sensible and stylish if he needed to get again his publish. N the finish of the novel, his weak physique would all the time detect the rocks of the mountains, on the edges of the desk in his home and couldn’t even final to hold his grandson Luis. This horrible impact was felt by his unsuspecting physique.
Third is psychological. In the dizzying maze of paperwork, his impatience for the reinstatement, his financial and bodily crises, certainly, pushed him to psychological abnormality. Many occasions, he would blame to an unseen evil power, that he suspected, may be behind the purpose why he was not reinstated. A number of events would show that he would dwell on pessimism and negativism: “Do not come to me with optimism and methods. I inform you repeatedly that I’ll by no means get again to work. I’ve no hope, none.”; likewise he mentioned They will not give me my job again till the afternoon of the day of judgment.”; Villaamil sank an increasing number of into his pessimism, reaching the excessive of saying ‘We’ll see the solar come up in the west earlier than you may see me return to work.'”; “I did not have any illusions and that is not the manner”, mentioned don Ramon, elevating his palms nearly to the ceiling, “I by no means had any hope. I by no means believed that they’d give me my job and I’ll by no means imagine it.”; and, God would not assist anybody however the crooks. Do you suppose I anticipate something from the Ministry or from God? Everyone seems to be the identical… above and beneath farces, favoritism.'”. All these he uttered to others however largely to himself (inside monologue). Since he had no extra face to his outdoors world, even his inside world in the household, he completely misplaced all management to outlive and stay.
His lack of ethical turpitude on what is nice and proper interspersed along with his private religious connection to God was completely misplaced in the final two chapters in the novel. It might have been a wry humor in the story however bites one in the conscience when the outdated, suspended, mad Villaamil was working away from the household and Mendizabal, his neighbour, who have been looking for him. He was having fun with, like a baby, the hide-and-seek that meant to save lots of him from his last dying.
However, evidently, there’s a Dostoyevskian perception in Villaamil that insanity is a path to divine inspiration (Cohen, 1963:5). In his majestic determine in the cliff, like Jesus when he was tempted by the satan to throw himself to the depth, he discovered power in his new freedom. He was completely indifferent from actuality. He even made a motto for his dying which was: “A foul dying to the complete universe” ( which in Spanish the initials are MIAU-“Muerte. Infamante.Al Universo”). He loved the concept of not considering for cash anymore; that he would free himself from the pretentious, hypocrite and materialistic Miaus and handed them onto Ponce, the future husband of Abelarda who inherited a nice sum from an uncle who simply died, that he wouldn’t take care of the publish anymore for higher is to be with God. He comforted himself by wanting and speaking to the birds. These birds have been surviving with out to fret on what they’d eat and so would he.
And with that false perception if not incorrect notion of spirituality (as Luis instructed him about the apparition that God would get his grandfather) he shot himself… and the shot echoed in the solitude of that darkish and abandoned place. Villaamil gave a horrible leap, his head plunged into the shifting earth, and he rolled straight down into the gulf. He retained the consciousness just for sufficient time to say: “nicely… it did…”
In conclusion, our protagonist, who might also be thought-about a tragic character, in the maze of paperwork the place it has favored the individuals on the foundation of favoritism, nepotism, “petticoat affect”, closeness, patronage of the officers, abuse might be seen, if not felt, by Villaamil, his household and his grandson. Villaamil will need to have been promoted based mostly on his deserves, {qualifications}, honesty and integrity on his work. This abuse, which led to his suspension, affected him economically, bodily, psychologically, morally and spiritually and brutally put himself to dying.
Bibliography
Cohen, J. M.(tr). (1966). Miau. Baltimore: Penguin Books Ltd.
Coser, Lewis A. and Bernard Rosenberg (eds). Sociological Principle: A E-book of Readings.
London: The Macmillan Firm.
Gerth, H. H. and C. Wright Mills. (1961). From Max Weber: essays in Sociology.
New York: Oxford College Press.
Soileau, Clany. (2006). Cash and Tragedy in the Nineteenth Century Novels.
Louisiana: http://www.galdos.com.
